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One day in 1995, a man robbed two Pittsburgh banks in broad daylight.

He didn't wear a mask or any sort of disguise.

And he smiled at surveillance cameras before walking out of each bank.

Of course the police found the robber and later than night arrested him.Interestingly

enough, when the robber was handcuffed, he was puzzled and he mumbled "but I wore the

juice".Apparently, this bank robber thought that smearing lemon juice on his face, would

render him invisible to bank's security cameras.

And he didn't just think that, he was pretty confident about it.His rationale was that

since the chemical properties of lemon juice are used in invisible ink, it should render

him invisible to the bank security cameras.This is obviously a completely dumb way of thinking.But

what's interesting is that, even after the police showed him the footage of his robbery,

he was genuinely surprised that it didn't work and he thought the footage was fake.The

police concluded that this man was not crazy or on drugs, just incredibly misinformed and

mistaken.The funny robbery led two social psychologists, Dunning and Kruger, to study

this phenomenon more deeply.

Specifically what interested them the most, was the confidence exerted by this robber,

that made him believe he'd be able to obstruct the security cameras with just lemon juice.To

investigate this in the lab, they examined a group of undergraduate students in several

categories: their grammatical writing, logical reasoning and a sense of humor.

After knowing the test scores, they asked each student to estimate his or her overall

score, as well as their relative rank compared to other students.This is when Dunning and

Kruger found something fascinating.They found that the students who scored the lowest in

these cognitive tasks, always overestimated how well they did.

And not just by a little, but by a lot.

They thought they had scored above average, while their score was one the lowest.So not

only were those students incompetent or less skilled in those areas, but they obviously

didn't even know just how bad they were at them.Students who scored the highest, had

more accurate perceptions of their abilities, but they made a different mistake.

Paradoxically the highest scoring students underestimated their performance.

They knew they were better than average at the test, but because it was easy for them,

they assumed it was easy for everyone.

They didn't know that their ability was at the top percentile.Today this phenomenon is

known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect.Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills

needed to recognize their own incompetence or lack of knowledge.

Their poor self-awareness leads them to overestimate their own capabilities.You can clearly see

what I mean in this graph here.Having barely any skill or knowledge, leads to massive confidence.

However when you become more knowledgeable about a certain topic, that confidence falls.

Only when you start to reach above average skill, is when the your confidence about a

certain topic starts to pick up again.Contrary to popular belief, this is not just limited

to cognitive tasks.

It doesn't seem to matter what specific skill we pick, the less a person knows about any

given activity, the more likely they are to overestimate their skill or knowledge.The

Dunning-Kruger effect can be observed during talent shows like American Idol.

The auditions are usually filled with a variety of good and bad singers.

The ones who are bad at it, almost never realize how bad they really are.

That's why they're genuinely disappointed when they get rejected.The truth it, we're

not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately.

In fact, the majority of people believe, that they are better than average.

88% of people think that they're better drivers than the majority, and even elderly people

rank themselves among the best drivers.A more interesting example is that; 94% of professors

assume that they are better in comparison to their colleagues.We judge ourselves as

better than others, to a degree that violates the laws of math.

But why?

Why does being less skilled make you more confident in your abilities?I'm going to help

you visualize how this happens.

This is Mike.

He's an amateur photographer.

And this box represents how much he knows about photography.And this is how big he thinks

the field is and how much there is to know about it.

With this reasoning, he's easily at the top percentile of all photographers.

But let's say he meets a professional photographer, someone who has been doing it for 7 years,

but he still has a lot to learn.

This photographer knows this much about photography.

But he also knows that the field is much larger, and there's this much to know about it.Because

this photographer is more knowledgeable about the subject he knows that this gray area exists.

However, Mike does not.Now you can see why Mike is so confident in his ability.

He has no idea, just how much he doesn't know.

Because he only has a little knowledge of the field, he doesn't know that it's way more

extensive than that.

And because he doesn't know, what he doesn't know, he thinks he knows 90% about photography.Meanwhile,

experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are.

But they often make a different mistake: they assume that everyone else is knowledgeable

as well, mostly because others exert so much confidence.In this instance, the photographer

is aware he only knows about 70%.

But if he met someone like Mike, he would underestimate himself.90% is better than 70%

after all.We are all susceptible to the Dunning-Kruger effect.

But how can we prevent ourselves from falling prey to it?

Well the answer is, you should strive to educate yourself as much as possible.

You're not expected to know everything after all.Thinking you're always right is a clear

sign of foolishness.It seems that the more knowledge people have, the more they realize

how little they know in reality.

In other words, the more people know about a certain issue, the more they realize how

complicated, unexplored and extensive it is, and how many things they do not understand

or know yet.

It's a beautiful paradox in which the more we study something, the less we know about it.

On the other hand, people who dabble on the surface of anything they pursue, will never

know how much they still have to learn.

In the Dunning-Kruger experiment, unskilled or incompetent students improved their ability

to correctly estimate the test results after receiving minimal tutoring on the skills they lacked.

It's helpful to have someone who is ahead of you show you what you have yet to learn.So

next time you feel confident that you know a lot about something, take a closer look

at the topic as it could be that you are a victim of the Dunning-Kruger effect.

You just might not know what you don't know.

Thanks for watching.

If you enjoyed the video, hit the like button.

And if you're not subscribed, make sure to subscribe.

This way you won't miss out on more videos that will make you better than yesterday.

For more infomation >> Why Do Stupid People Think They're Smart? The Dunning Kruger Effect (animated) - Duration: 8:41.

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Low Self Esteem WATCH This If You Are Not Living Life To The FULLEST! - Duration: 10:20.

Hey everyone, thanks for tuning into easy life journey.

In this special episode I would like to share about low self esteem.

I know many of us deal with this problem, I personal experienced this for almost 10

years so I hope these 5 tips can help you to regain and live your life to the fullest:

let's begin at once.

When it comes to life, we are only given two choices: enjoy and take full advantage of

it's gift or suffer and be miserable in its existence.

Life doesn't care whether we are simply existing or living; that's not its purpose.

why do you have low self esteem?

Did someone force it upon you, did you yourself merely give rise to its existence due to unforeseen

circumstances, where you naturally born with it, or just maybe and slowly you developed

it over many years of unfortunate events.

1.

Incorporate Meditation Daily

Meditation is one of IF NOT the most powerful method to help you deal with low self-esteem.

The millions who practice meditation daily see life changing results.

This isn't new, in fact meditation was practiced about 5000 years ago.

How you feel, act, live day by day is caused by the way you deal with those things through

your mind.

Meditation has 1000's of benefits pertaining to your health, body, mind, soul, and spirit.

It will definitely help with low self esteem.

You can check out my meditation guide in the description below.

I practice meditation in the morning (20 minutes each season) and before bed everyday and I

can assure you that it has help me in so many ways, not just with low self esteem.

You see, the mind is the most powerful thing in this world.

Meditation allows one to control and master their mind.

It is said that once you master your mind, you can master anything.

One can LITERALLY create their own world with their mind which in turn is their reality.

2.

Work Out A Few Times A Week Low self esteem can be a result of being overweight

or too skinny, having a short stature, looking unattractive, and so forth.

let's say you really are short or overweight; people will stare at you briefly and then

continue on with whatever they are doing.

In 100 years from now, none of any of this will matter, why?

Because everyone alive now will most likely be dead!

When you workout, many wonderful things happen to your health, body, and mind.

(See where we are going with this?)

You don't have time?

Well try working out intensely 3-4 times a week for 20 minutes rather and 45-60 minutes.

Intense short workouts are actually more beneficial than long easy/moderate workouts.

Not only do you save so much more time, but you reap so more benefits.

Plus working out releases so much of the bad stress in us, so if you are having a bad day,

week, or life then will work out.

Lifting weights, sprinting, swimming, jumping, carrying heavy objects, and the likes are

consider intense workouts.

Working out has over 100 benefits, and you bet helping with low self esteem is one of

them!

If you're lazy then here's the short version.

When you work out, you release bad stress and force your body to get in shape.

When you have a strong and great body, what naturally happens?

You feel good about yourself, people start to positively notice your change, you definitely

get stronger and all the health benefits that your body will reap.

A healthy body will more than likely produce a healthy mind versus an unhealthy body.

Let's say that you actually believe you are ugly and have an unattractive body.

If you can't change your facial appearance now (with surgery you can but take extreme

caution) then work on your body.

We humans are so obsessed with the materialistic world that we forgot the most valuable thing,

OURSELVES!

Why work all those brutal and unforgiving hours to buy materialistic things.

As far as I can tell, your body is the greatest thing and priceless.

Both men and women appreciate someone that takes care of themselves physically and mentally

because it shows that you care about yourself.

Confidence is attractive and sexy as hell.

3.

Self-compliment Yourself Do you remember the last time you said something

nice to someone?

Probably so, however can you remember the last time you complimented yourself?

We love our family, friends, but we often neglect the one person that is the most important

to us.

I'm talking about you.

Every morning, if not every time you pass the mirror, just give yourself a few compliments.

"I am beautiful", "I am strong", "I am healthy",and so on.

Make sure to say I am, not I'm, as the first 2 words so your mind knows who you are talking

about and the word "am" gives it more authority and power.

If you do this every single day for as long as you can, we promise you will see amazing

changes.

Be sure to also visualize and feel the words you are saying, it only makes it more real

and effective.

Self-compliment has to do with how the subconscious mind works.

Your unconscious mind is always communicating with your conscious mind through your subconscious

thoughts and beliefs.

It's just like meditation.

When you repetitively repeat positive thoughts and actions, your mind believes it to be real

thus you will slowly become that of which you practice.

That is why people with low self esteem are always down and pessimistic because they are

constantly telling themselves they are not worth it through their beliefs, actions, and

feelings.

They have created this dark and unpleasant world within themselves, which in fact is

real to them but not to others.

Words can have very powerful meaning.

Communication is one of the most important aspect in this world if not this universe.

That is why we urge you to compliment yourself on a daily basis.

4.

Accept Who You Are And Change What You Can It would be nice to accept who you are but

what if you can not, then change what you can.

Money can change your appearance but only you can change your mentality.

If you do get plastic surgery, how can you know for sure that it will change you?

Ok, so do you see the issue or should I say a secret here?

You have subconsciously made something that didn't even happen into a reality!

You are using an external factor/force (plastic surgery) to create this illusion of happiness

or pride.

Why can't you create this happy world without external factors?

Because of lack of education and research.

if you want great things then you gotta work for it.

Let's say you can not walk, bound to a wheel chair.

Again, you have 2 choices: accept the reality and go on living or do not accept.

However, if you do not accept, what can you do?

Surgery won't help (assuming), rehabilitation is out of the question, forcing yourself to

walk isn't possible.

That really only leaves one option, yes?

Is it not better to accept who you are instead of making your own life even more difficult?

How can you start accepting yourself?

If you can improve on what you can not accept but able to improve it, then do so.

It is not better to improve just a little bit than nothing at all?

Start using internal factors to make yourself happy and accept yourself.

If you so badly want to be happy, be accepted, live life, achieve your goals, and let nothing

stand in your way, then you will find a way.

Winners find a way, and you are a winner.

5.

You Actually Don't Have It Bad I can assure you that whatever problems you

think you have, someone else has it worse, or maybe billions of others have it worse.

Yes 1 billion people have some form of disablitiy!

That's why we should all accept who we are because when we think we have it so bad, there

are others who have it worse and they find a way to be happy and love themselves for

who they are.

That is what makes them different from someone who has low self esteem.

I urge you to visit a poor nation and see how bad you have it.

Low self esteem doesn't even exit.

Food, water, and survival are the only thing that matters, not even shelter!

Your perspective will change real fast.

Imagine it's WWII all over again.

Ummn, does anyone actually give a flying fudge about if you have low self esteem.

We live in a society that is dictated by beauty, fame, power, riches, etc.

That's not the issue.

Do you want to know what the real issue is?

It's you.

You have allow this poison to engulf your very mind.

external factors are really hard to ignore and eliminate once it has seep into your mind.

Learn how to appreciate what matters the most, money, just kidding, we meant you.

You will be much happier, have a better and easier life, be thankful for not having anything

which is really having everything.

The End How many people do you think are successful,

get what they want in life, or live the life they desire?

20%?

10%?Try 8%!

I can tell you that you aren't part of that 8% if you have low self esteem.

Low self esteem can not only make life that much harder and have a negative effect on

pretty much anything.

Now the real question is, do you want to start living or simply exist, because 92% of use

are just merely existing.

We all have one life, one body, and an infinite opportunity.

Use it wisely because this offer only comes once in a lifetime!

Thanks a billion for staying until the end and please subscribe if you think we deserve

it!

For more infomation >> Low Self Esteem WATCH This If You Are Not Living Life To The FULLEST! - Duration: 10:20.

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Why do SpaceX rockets take off white and come back black and white? - Duration: 14:52.

- Hi, it's me, Tim Dodd, the Everyday Astronaut.

If you've ever seen footage of a SpaceX rocket launch,

perhaps you've noticed a strange phenomenon,

when the rocket leaves the launch pad, it's white,

but when it comes back down from space

all of a sudden it's half black and half white,

and it has these really well defined sections

of black and white.

So what the heck is happening?

What causes this?

Today I'm going to explain just what exactly causes

this phenomenon and then we're actually

going to try to recreate it ourselves.

And no, it's not just because I wanted to play with fire.

Anyway, let's get started.

- [Announcer] Three, two, one, zero.

We have lift-off. (upbeat music)

That's one small step for man...

- Isn't it crazy that it's been less than three years

since we first saw a Falcon 9 rocket land

for the first time back on Earth?

I still remember watching OG2 on December 21st, 2015

with my friends, and my cat.

(cheering)

When SpaceX landed their first Falcon 9 booster,

I couldn't wait to see what it actually looked like

when a rocket came back from space.

The next morning pictures started flowing in

from launch photographers and from SpaceX themselves.

There it was.

A Falcon 9 on the landing pad only a few kilometers

away from where it took off from

at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.

Just as soon as the pictures came back,

the questions started rolling in.

Why is it now half black and half white

with a very distinct line between the two?

Are there a bunch of aliens at the edge of space

waiting for rockets to fly by so they can spray paint 'em?

Alright, so let's first start off by figuring out why

the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy boosters come back

with any black on it at all, and then we'll figure out

why there's such a distinct line

where it is and isn't black.

(uplifting music)

And the answer is, soot.

The reason the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy boosters

come back so dirty is literally the exact same reason

why your chimney is dirty or why the tailpipe of your car

might be dirty, well, unless you own an electric car

and you don't have a tail pipe.

The Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy burn

a mixture of RP-1 and Liquid Oxygen.

RP-1 is a very common form of rocket fuel

and it's basically just highly refined jet fuel,

which itself is just a highly refined kerosene.

When kerosene or any other carbon based fuel is burned,

say gasoline, diesel, coal or even wood,

it produces airborne impure carbon particles.

It's actually the result of the process

of thermal decomposition of materials known as pyrolysis.

We've all seen the black smoke come out of a semi-truck

when they're under high loads,

or perhaps a little black smoke coming off of a candle.

Well the Falcon family of rockets

actually produce virtually the exact same thing.

And I know what you're thinking,

doesn't this go against Elon Musk's green initiatives?

Well, I'll get into that in a future video

where we look at the total carbon output of rockets

and what technology can help curb their pollution.

Okay, so, back to soot.

On ascent, as a rocket accelerates forward,

the exhaust goes the exact opposite direction,

literally throwing the soot far away from the vehicle.

This is why on ascent, the rockets

maintain their beautiful exteriors.

But that's only one half of the story

of a Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy boosters.

After the booster performs the work of getting

the second stage well on its way into orbit,

the booster has to get ready for its next feat.

And this is no small feat.

Regardless of where the booster is landing,

whether it be a return to launch site landing

or if it's following its ballistic trajectory

and landing out in the ocean on the drone ship,

it will need to scrub off velocity

before it re-enters the atmosphere.

If it doesn't do this, the heat from re-entry

will literally rip it apart.

So in order to survive re-entry the Falcon 9

lights up three of its nine Merlin engines

for approximately 30 seconds or so

to cut its velocity up to 50%!

And here's where things get dirty.

The booster is re-entering through its own exhaust plume

since the rocket re-enters engines first.

So now, all that exhaust winds up depositing

a large amount of soot on the booster.

We can actually see a pretty drastic difference

from before re-entry to after re-entry.

As if that one burn wasn't enough, a few minutes later,

it actually performs one final burn

to perform its propulsive landing.

Sometimes this utilizes three engines again, but most

of the time only one engine performs the landing burn.

But nevertheless, it's again a pretty messy event.

Once the booster lands, and the smoke clears,

we can now get a pretty good glimpse

of just what exactly the booster went through.

And here's where our next question comes in.

What's with the sections that are white?

How can that be?

Pretty quickly, we might spot

why there's some white still at the bottom of the rocket.

See those nice V-shaped white sections,

those are where the landing legs were tucked up

against the fuselage during ascent

and the majority of descent.

The legs don't deploy until just a few seconds

before touchdown, at which point some pneumatic pushers

begin to unfold the legs, and then a collet locks

them in place once they're at their full extension.

Pre-Block 5 boosters, or any Falcon booster

flown before May, 2018, had white landing legs.

All Block 5 boosters that we see now start off black.

Back on the pre-Block 5 boosters, we could easily see

the outside legs changing from white to black,

leaving the fuselage underneath nice and clean!

Okay, so that explains that section,

but what about that horizontal line just above that?

Now here's where this gets fun!

Remember those two things the Falcon 9

and Falcon Heavy use as propellant?

Liquid oxygen and RP-1?

Well there's your next clue.

SpaceX super chills their propellants to maximize

their density and increase performance of the rockets.

This means they chill the RP-1 and the liquid oxygen

more than any other operational rocket.

So SpaceX took their RP-1 from basically room temperature

at 21 degrees celsius down to minus seven degrees celsius.

Ugh, brrr.

But that's actually nothing compared to the liquid oxygen.

In order for oxygen to exist as a liquid

as opposed to the gas we're more used to it being,

it already needs to be extremely cold

but SpaceX continues to chill it until it's almost a solid.

Oxygen becomes a liquid at minus 183 degrees celsius

and a solid at minus 219 degrees celsius.

SpaceX chills their liquid oxygen all the way down

to minus 207 degrees celsius.

Our next clue is actually the most visible as the vehicle

is being fueled up on the launch pad right before lift off.

Notice all the condensation rolling off the rocket?

That's water vapor in the air coming in contact

with the super cold aluminum skin

housing the cryogenic propellant below.

Just like how a cold soda can will quickly

get large droplets of water on the outside of it

in a humid environment, rockets go a step further.

All that water doesn't turn into droplets,

some of it comes in contact with the fuselage and freezes.

This creates a good amount of ice build up

on the outside of the vehicle.

Some rockets have insulation to help prevent the build up

of ice from occurring, but more importantly to prevent

the propellant inside from warming up and boiling off.

This is most commonly seen in rockets

that use liquid hydrogen as fuel, which is much cooler

than liquid oxygen and boils off much easier.

Therefore we see insulated tanks on rockets

like the the Delta IV, the external fuel tank

of the Space Shuttle, or even the Saturn V.

But my favorite solution for having insulation

to prevent boil off, that doesn't add extra weight

associated with foam insulation is on the Minotaur rocket

which is sometimes known as the banana rocket.

It has an insulation on it during fuel up

that peels off on ascent.

Yes, that's so ridiculous.

I just hope no one slips on it during pad clean up.

(drum beating)

Back to the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.

It doesn't use spray on insulation or a banana peel.

Instead most of the ice falls off in sheets

right after lift off.

Due to the rocket being white,

it's hard to actually spot the ice build up.

Bit there is a rocket that's really easy to spot

where there's ice on it

and that's Rocket Lab's Electron rocket

which is entirely made out of black carbon fiber.

Despite it being an entirely black rocket,

once it's fully fueled it suddenly looks

like an entirely different rocket!

How crazy is that?

It's so easy to spot where the liquid oxygen tanks are

and where the RP-1 tanks are on the Electron.

So now finally, we have all the puzzle pieces

for our answer!

That same sheet of ice that covers

the liquid oxygen tanks during ascent

is still fairly prevalent on the rocket on descent.

It might not be as thick, but it does provide a surface

that's harder for the soot to stick to.

Therefore, we see little to no soot

on the base of the oxygen tank,

providing a crisp line between the oxygen tank

and the RP-1 tank.

Since the cold oxygen sits at the bottom of the tank

which is now almost empty,

we have the most ice at the bottom,

which explains why the booster

actually gets gray again up top.

Two fun notes here.

All the current generation Block 5 Falcon 9's

come back quite a bit less sooty due to a new coating

on the paint that provides more thermal protection

and is harder for the soot to stick to.

SpaceX also cleverly changed the position

of the SpaceX logo to the oxygen tank.

This little trick is amazing, because now you can actually

still see the logo after the booster lands,

unlike previously landed boosters whose logos were so hidden

in the soot you couldn't see it by the time it landed.

Okay, and now for something fun, we're actually going

to see if we can recreate this phenomenon

using some aluminum, some dry ice and some kerosene.

Okay, time to play with some fire.

So, I have here some aluminum that I painted white.

That's going to go over the top of this cup

in this little thing here, so that the ice will sit on top,

the dry ice will sit right on top of this.

And we'll have that nice clean separation between

the sections that are really cold

and the sections that are not,

just like the oxygen tanks and the liquid fuel tanks.

Then we have some dry ice that, although it's really cold,

it's quite a bit warmer than liquid oxygen.

It's minus 78 degrees celsius and liquid oxygen is actually,

SpaceX cools it down to minus 207 degrees celsius.

So this is quite a bit cooler but hopefully

it does the trick to at least,

help us get some kind of ice barrier around the outside.

We have a very shoddily made, homemade kerosene candle

that's going to produce a lot of soot.

That's it's only job is to make a lot of soot

because that's what we're trying to demonstrate here.

And this is a spray bottle with some water in it.

And we're going to spray the outside of this

a little bit to help add a little bit of extra frost

some kind of extra ice layer.

So, let's get started.

So, first things first, let's go ahead and stick

this aluminum over the top of this cup.

There we go, just like that.

Let's put on our official safety gloves.

These are NASA certified,

not-at-all-certified safety gloves.

So I need to get a bunch of this,

as much of this as I can inside of here.

Okay you can already see

there's a small amount of water vapor on the outside

that's condensing into a little bit of frost here.

You can just barely tell.

But we're gonna let that actually

get cold there for a second.

And actually maybe I'll start spraying

a little bit of water here, very lightly.

Just so maybe that sticks to the outside.

Okay, I think it's time we light this candle here

and we're going to see if we can get a bunch of soot

cover the aluminum and then hopefully,

we'll see where it sticks and where it doesn't stick.

Don't try this at home, this is a very shoddily made candle.

But, it's going to again do the job,

hopefully creating a lot of soot.

So now I think we've got a pretty good sense here

of where that would be.

I'm going to put this fire out here.

Just starve it of oxygen quick.

So what happens if we let this actually thaw,

will it take some of the soot with it?

So let's go ahead and try and remove

the aluminum from the dry ice.

And let's kind of wash it down quick

and see if we get that nice line.

Well, look at that.

That line looks pretty familiar to me.

So, it looks like where the ice barrier was

the soot didn't stick to it.

But, where there wasn't an ice barrier

the soot did stick to it.

That looks just about like the line.

And again, that'd be a lot, a lot, a lot stronger

if we were using liquid oxygen.

There'd be a much thicker ice barrier,

a lot more protective.

But that's actually pretty darn good.

Look at that!

Huh.

So how'd we do?

Let me know if you have any other questions

about why a Falcon 9 goes up white and comes back

black and white or any other questions

about Falcon 9s and Falcon Heavys

or just any other question about rockets in general.

Leave your thoughts in the comments below.

As always, I owe a huge thank you to my Patreon supporters

for helping make this and other

Everyday Astronaut content possible.

I owe a super special thanks to those patrons

at our exclusive Discord and exclusive subreddit

for helping me script and research.

If you want to help contribute, please visit

patreon.com/everydayastronaut.

Thank you.

And while you're online, head on over to my website

everydayastronaut.com for in-depth articles

on every video I make

and news on space flight and other space exploration.

So make sure and bookmark it,

send some articles to some friends and visit often.

Oh and while you're there head on over to the shop

where you can shirts like this ridiculous thing

or this hat or some mugs or maybe some cool pictures

of rockets to hang up on your wall.

There's lots of other fun stuff too.

Head on over to everydayastronaut.com/shop.

Thanks everybody.

That's going to do it for me.

I'm Tim Dodd, the Everyday Astronaut,

bringing space down to earth for everyday people.

(upbeat music)

For more infomation >> Why do SpaceX rockets take off white and come back black and white? - Duration: 14:52.

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Why Do London's Manholes Keep Exploding? - Duration: 2:58.

I want to be really clear:

the odds of a manhole in a London street suddenly exploding while you're next to it

are tiny.

This is not something to worry about.

And the company that handles the cables under London's streets

is spending a lot of money fixing them up.

But, yeah, about once or twice a month on average, somewhere in London,

a bit of pavement just goes... boomf.

But no-one wants to license security camera footage of actual pavement explosions

to just someone on YouTube, and no-one wants to be interviewed about it either.

So instead, we are going to create our own underground explosion right here

with the help of a friendly pyrotechnician.

And the easy answer to why London's pavements keep exploding...

well, it would be "electrical faults", and that's what the news often blames.

As seasons change, the ground is going to get warmer and cooler,

it's going to expand and contract, rain and subsidence will move the soil,

and over the course of decades

that is going to steadily wear out the 36,000km of electrical cables

and 100,000 electrical junction boxes that are under London.

Most of those were laid decades ago. It's a big city. Things will break.

But an electrical fault won't make an explosion.

If electricity goes somewhere it shouldn't,

then the circuit breakers that control the grid will detect that

and shut it off right away.

The trouble is that there's a lot of other old stuff under London's streets.

Including gas pipes.

A steady, slow gas leak in a pipe might not be detected for a while,

and in that time the gas can spread a long distance through narrow underground tunnels.

So if you've got gas in a tight underground space where it can't expand,

thank you, and an electrical spark to set it off...

well, that's all we're doing here:

under that cover there is a fuel source, not enough room for it to expand,

and something to make an electrical spark.

That's all you need for an explosion.

Fire in the hole.

"This looks devastating in slow motion.

"The burst of flame, the flying manhole cover,

"at 1800 frames per second on a zoom lens it looks like it could do serious damage.

"But even this dramatised explosion, made with the help of a pyrotechnician,

"this worst-case-scenario... is actually not that bad.

"I tried to do the 'cool guys don't look at explosions' shot,

"and when you take away all this style..."

Fire in the hole.

"It'd hurt if you were standing on it, sure,

"but like I said, it's not something to be worried about."

For more infomation >> Why Do London's Manholes Keep Exploding? - Duration: 2:58.

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Why Does Autocorrect Still Suck? - Duration: 3:49.

- Have you ever tried typing something

but your phone keeps changing it to something else?

This ducking keyboard can be so frustrating!

It can seem like autocorrect is working against you

instead of helping you.

But the iPhone has had autocorrect for over 10 years.

Why does it still suck?

Whether you're on iPhone or Android,

using the default keyboard or a third-party app

you deal with autocorrect every single day.

Usually, it works great

but sometimes it completely refuses

to understand what you typed.

To figure out what's happening we have

to understand how autocorrect works.

When you type something on a phone

there's a lot of work going on

in the background.

The phone analyzes your input and compares it

to stored dictionaries and language models.

The phone then tries to correctly interpret the word

or phrase you're trying to type.

So when you type "fopd" your phone changes it to "food"

because "fopd" isn't a word

but it's only one letter away from "food."

But not every example is this obvious.

- The vowels U, I, and O are very close to each other

so a word like put, pit, and pot

those, those were real challenges.

- That's Ken Kocienda, he's one of the people

who developed autocorrect for Apple.

We spoke with Ken to find out what's happening inside

of autocorrect.

- My job was to come up with a way to make speedy

and accurate typing possible on a sheet of glass.

- The hardest part isn't correcting spelling

or grammar, it's interpreting what you meant to say

from what you wrote.

And autocorrect is actually pretty good at this

but users tend to notice autocorrect

only when it makes mistakes.

- If it does what it's supposed to do 19 times

and then that 20th time it makes a mistake

that is either distracting or embarrassing,

that one mistake wipes out the positive feelings

that people have for the 19 times where it just worked.

- This is especially obvious when autocorrect

leads to unwanted changes.

Sometimes it can feel like you're fighting

against your keyboard.

- Mostly people complain about how autocorrect gets

in the way of their swearing.

The ducking keyboard.

- The iPhone keyboard will let you swear,

it just wants to prevent you

from accidentally sending a word

that you didn't mean to send.

It might seem like you're always wrestling with autocorrect,

but you can take control of your dictionary.

On iOS go into Settings, General, Keyboard,

and then tap "Add Shortcut" or "Text Replacement."

Here you can add a new word or a shortcut

that fills in a word when you type a few letters.

You can Google around to find out how to add words

to the various versions of Android or third-party keyboards.

So, you might still think autocorrect sucks

but it's actually gotten a lot better since version one

and some developers have introduced new tools

like swipe to type to make typing on a smartphone easier.

In the future, machine learning

might create an autocorrect

that's more accurate than ever

but whatever the technology is we can't lose sight

of the original goal of autocorrect.

- The goal that I like to think about for the product

is for it to have the software melt away.

Autocorrection is not supposed to be glamorous, right?

It's just supposed to be useful.

- Autocorrect is far from perfect

but our messages would look a lot worse without it.

For more infomation >> Why Does Autocorrect Still Suck? - Duration: 3:49.

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Camp Chores, Why Do Them? - Red Dead Redemption 2 - Camp Guide - Duration: 3:39.

Hello ladies and gentlemen, my name is Andrew and welcome to a camp guide for Red Dead Redemption 2 in this guide

I'm going to be showing you where you can find camp chores how to do them and why you should do them as well

so first

You're gonna look on the radar you're going to notice that there's some black dots that

Kind of seem a little odd some people think they're a little bit of a bug

But this is actually part of the game these indicate chores and you can do them daily in game

They're simple and quick. So let's take a look over here. You'll find two. Hay bales

These are used to feed the horses once you pick it up

You'll notice that there'll be some yellow X's on the radar. Which tell you where to take it. You can go to either one

So you can go to the one on the right or you can go to the one on the left

It doesn't really matter as long as you take one to the right one and one to the left one

You're pretty much doing the chores

As Well as you could be now

Once you get to the corresponding area you're gonna place it down

You'll notice that once you do on the right side of the screen, you will gain honour and your Dead eye stat will increase as well

There we go now we're gonna go back for the second hay bale and just repeat the process now over here

You'll notice the firewood. This one's pretty simple. What you have to do is just literally chop firewood

Choppy chop. Now. If you head over to these wagons here, you'll find two food sacks

These are for Pearson and they work pretty much the same as the hay bales

You'll have 2 to deliver and they'll be yellow X's that tell you where to bring them again

There's no specific

Spot that you have to put them you can put it at any

Yellow X first as long as you put both of them in that corresponding area now over here

There should be a bucket that you can pick up again

This is similar to the hay bales

One thing you have to note is that the position of these buckets will vary in

Camps and the methods will vary as well in the first camp. Alls you had to do is pick up the bucket

It was already prefilled and you just poured it into the washbasin

In this camp we have to head over to the river

Fill it up and then we'll pour it into a wash basin there should only be one for this

So don't you don't have to worry about figuring out where it goes again

It's going to be marked by a yellow X pretty much all the chores you do will tell you where you have to go

Okay, once that's done. You've pretty much done or your chores

Now you can go and play one thing. You need to note though

is that

Sometimes if you don't see the black dots on the radar

There's a reason for that and that's that one of your gang members might have done the chore already

Sometimes you might even go to a chore and see that one of the gang members is doing it

I've found on some occasions that I've seen John Marston

Chopping wood and I've seen some some of them carrying the hay bales around once in a while

You'll see them carrying the sacks around you might even see them carrying in the bucket

So there is a certain time frame that you have to do them if you leave them for too long

The other gang members will start doing them. So don't fret if you can't find them

It doesn't mean that your game is necessarily bugged. It just means that a gang members done them for you

You don't have to do this every time

I'd suggest doing it occasionally because it helps with your honour and it helps with your stats as well. So it's worth doing it

It's just not worth grinding it so don't stress too much

It's just something you kind of do you just take it in just chill

It's a change of pace from all the killing and stuff that you're doing in the game

Anyways, thank you guys so much for watching

If you enjoyed the video, please let me know in the comments down below. Don't forget to subscribe and visit the channel

I have a wide variety of videos on there that you can check out and as usual ladies and gentleman

I will see you in the next video