(TECHNO BEAT)
Hey, I'm Linda.
And I'm Dan, and this is What Is Music?
Dan, do you like a good groove?
I do, actually.
I think rhythm is so important to what I like about music.
Maybe even more important than melody, actually.
I'm the same.
I am all about the rhythm a lot of the time.
I love this idea of us having a heartbeat, having a pulse,
people having a cadence to the way that they walk and they talk
in everyday life.
Yeah, I think rhythm is really intrinsically human, actually,
and that's why this whole episode is about why we love a good beat.
I went to the MARCS Institute to find out how our brains react to a beat.
One of the main functions
of the MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development
at Western Sydney Uni
is to study how music and dance communicate universally.
If you think about music generally, it's a time-based art form,
and rhythm is the patterning of time
and beat is something by which rhythmic durations can be measured.
We like a good beat for three reasons.
One is it makes us move, almost literally.
Secondly, a good beat is predictable,
and the brain likes that.
The brain is a rhythm generating machine in some sense.
It can lock on to the regularity of a good beat.
And the third reason is that
one of the key systems in the brain for processing the beat
is involved also in regulating the sense of reward and motivation.
To see how my body reacts to beats,
I'm gonna be tested by Peter's students, Tomas and Cecile.
OK, so tell me, what is happening?
So, we're going to do an EEG experiment with you.
EEG measures the electrical activity in the brain,
and we're about to measure my huge noggin.
It's gonna be a small one. It's a small one.
Perhaps it's just my ego that's huge.
It is quite natural for humans to perceive beat in music.
We often synchronise just by tapping our foot or bobbing our head.
(FLUTE PLAYS)
So do you want me to do that or...
I want you to try to focus on the beat
as if you were sort of dancing to music
but at the same time try not to move with the music.
I want to put a cool wig on now.
So I'm about to be played three different tracks
and I have to sit really still and stare at this little dot
for the next half-hour.
Everything alright there? Great.
OK.
(ELECTRONIC FUNK BEAT)
KELLER: The body reacts to the beat
because the brain regions and the brain systems in fact
that are activated the beat follow two pathways.
So of course we're processing sound.
The auditory sensory system is activated.
But this is very closely linked in humans to the movement system,
the motor system of the brain.
Therefore when we hear a rhythmic beat,
it can also harness or call into activation
the movement system of the brain and trigger movement.
At this point I want to move so badly,
but I can't and we're only halfway through -
because science likes to take its sweet time.
Our bodies and in fact brains recognise beat
through a phenomenon that is referred to as entrainment.
It's been observed in biological species, fireflies synchronising,
frogs and crickets, but they don't change their tempo
or the rate at which they are producing a beat at will.
Whereas humans are able to do this, we're able to get faster,
get slower, double the tempo, halve the tempo.
I think that makes us special
in terms of our beat-keeping capacities.
Score one for the humans.
We are beat machines.
Now, fast forward a couple of weeks.
Let's see how my brain did.
Hi, Linda. This is Dr Keller.
Hello.
Hi, your test results are in. OK.
The good news is your brain locks onto the musical beat.
Yay!
So we prepared this little figure
where we logged your brain activity.
So in Daft Punk, large numbers of neurons become synchronised
at this particular frequency.
We got such a nice strong response.
When the Daft Punk song came on, I knew it
so I was dancing to it in my head.
And the picture is a little bit different for the other two pieces.
This broken beat track from the '90s.
Yeah.
(IRREGULAR DRUM BEATS)
The rhythm there was complex.
Most people have difficulty to actually find the beat
and synchronise to it
because it's not very prominent in the rhythm in the actual music.
But Linda actually did find the beat,
but it's not as strong as the Daft Punk.
Because that sounded more complex to me,
I found myself paying attention heaps more to find the beat.
But when you look at the very right, that track,
there was a very clear beat.
So we would expect that your brain tracks this pretty well,
but I don't know what happened there.
Your brain wasn't interested in that one for some reason.
It's a mystery.
That one to me felt kind of like an easy beat,
so I didn't pay attention that much.
So maybe that's what it was.
Rank my brain.
What was it, like...
Was it good at locking into the beat? Did it work?
I think your brain is pretty, pretty high.
(LAUGHS) Yes!
It's a very nice response.
Congratulations. Alright.
See you, guys. OK, see you. Bye.
I was having to sit so still and stare at one spot on a screen.
It was so hard.
But you can still see
that your brain is looking on to the rhythm too.
Yeah, for me, in terms of the songs that I didn't know so much,
it was actually where my brain was paying way more attention.
So essentially the lesson for me was that
you can train your brain to lock onto rhythms.
I mean, just moving away from the science for a moment,
I mean, I've been a musician for a while,
I can count and play in pretty complicated rhythms
and time signatures,
but I've never really been able to articulate that to my body, I guess.
Do you mean dancing?
Yeah, dancing.
Do you want to do a dance class with me?
No.
WOMAN: Five, six, seven, and...
(ELECTRONIC BEAT)
And double, double.
Single, single. Double, double.
So why do you think that everybody should dance?
I think everyone should dance 'cause it's a lot more fun than running.
(BOTH LAUGH)
Yeah.
And so what's special about rhythm?
We have a natural inclination tow rhythm that even if someone's like,
"I can't dance, I have no rhythm," and some people don't,
but it can still help to organise a pace of something.
It's something that we can all feel.
So you want to think about both your foot going out
and your arm going out, and then they're crossing over.
So, out, cross, out, in.
And out, cross, side.
(ELECTRONIC BEAT)
For me, the different types of music that I've listened to or engaged to
have also played quite a big part in identity
and things that I've felt like I've related to.
I remember listening to punk when I was, like, a teenager
and feeling angsty
but also too listening to a lot of N.W.A. and Dr Dre and hip-hop.
The most instant connection was taping songs off the radio
and then making up dances to them,
or taping songs from the television and then learning the movements.
Mostly watching the lines that they would make with their body
and what they were using, what objects they were dancing with
and I guess it kind of spurred a greater trajectory into it.
But, I mean, most of the time when I'm making dance now,
the sound or the music would support what it is that I'm making
rather than the other way around.
Next song? Easy.
So now that you guys have mastered the slower,
we're gonna move on to a slightly faster song,
and this song I chose because of the lyricism in it
and I guess we're kind of moving through the lyricism of the rapping,
but also too doing a lot of repetitive grooves.
So a similar movement to what we were doing before
but we're just gonna try and short cut it in a couple of ways.
Yeah? I like short cuts.
(LAUGHS) So do I. (CHUCKLES)
And one, one, and double.
Boom, boom, and back.
And slow, hop. And slow, hop.
One, two, three, four.
And ooh-ooh, slide.
Ooh-ooh, slide.
Yeah. Oh, I did that before.
So, what does dance mean to you?
It is so many things.
My career and something that I enjoy very, very much.
But usually the definition that I give to somebody else
is the organisation of time and space and my autonomy over that.
So when I'm telling you how to dance, will be organising time,
or timing,
and the space that we're in.
So time travel? Mm-hm.
(LAUGHS) Pretty much, yes.
(LAUGHS)
So, how did that feel?
Yeah, actually surprisingly good.
But you know what - the next morning I woke up
and I sort of found myself still moving in the same way.
Still thinking about the moves. You were going through it.
Yeah! That's totally a dancer's thing.
Because you've been a dancer for ages, right?
Yeah, I was quite hard-core with dancing
from the time I was about nine until about 21, 22,
and even now I dip in and out of classes.
I love it.
I mean, I think that kind of experience helps you
articulating the rhythm to your body.
You know what you're doing. You've got to practise, Dan.
Are you gonna come back and do another class with me?
(LAUGHS) Sure.
Well, it's clear our brains love a good beat.
It locks onto it, it helps your body move along,
and how well you move is then up to you.
Captions by Red Bee Media
Copyright Australian Broadcasting Corporation



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